SIMPLE MIND-BLOWING LESSON NOTES ON NUMBERS AND NUMERALS.

SUBJECT: NUMBER THEORY

TOPIC: NUMBERS AND NUMERALS

LESSON: MEANING OF NUMERALS. TWO TYPES OF NUMERALS COMMONLY USED.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: STUDENTS KNOW HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS.

LESSON OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

-differentiate Arabic numerals from Roman numerals

-use Roman numerals to represent Arabic numerals and vice versa.

TEACHING AIDS: A PICTURE SHOWING BOTH HINDU ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMERALS.

TEACHING METHOD: DEMONSTRATION, QUESTIONING, GROUP DISCUSSION, ASSIGNMENT.

CLASS: FORM ONE

DURATION: 45 MINUTES

DATE:

INTRODUCTION

 Answer each of the following questions in English or in your mother tongue.

Ø  How many ears do you have? ---------------------

Ø  How many toes do have? ----------------------------

Ø  How many books are in your bag? --------------------

Ø  How many hours are in a day? --------------------------

All the answers given can be written using symbols called numerals. These numerals represent numbers.

PRESENTATION

NUMBERS: Numbers are denoted by symbols called numerals. Different people use different symbols for the same number.
                     

TYPES OF NUMERALS: Two types of numerals are frequent use; namely the HINDU ARABIC and ROMAN numerals.

i)                    The Hindu Arabic numerals. This type is commonly used by most English speakers. Below is a representation of this.

numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
numbers	zero	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine

   Other numbers are written by combining two or more of the of the symbols in the correct order.

Example:  10=ten; 11=eleven; 13= thirteen; 25= twenty-five; 107= one hundred and seven etc.The Hindu Arabic numerals are called digits. For example, 10 is a number with digits 1 and 0. 125 is a number with digits 1,2,and 5.

ii)                   The Roman numerals. The first ten numbers starting from one using Roman numerals is represented on the table below

 

numerals	i	ii	iii	iv	v	vi	vii	viii	ix	x
numbers	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine	ten

 More numbers and Roman numerals are presented on the following table.

                                             

numerals	V	X	L	C	D	M
numbers	five	ten	fifty	One hundred	Five hundred	One thousand

Like above, other numbers are written by combining two or more of the numerals. With this in mind we can use Roman numerals to represent Hindu Arabic numerals and vice versa.

Example 1.  Use Roman numerals to represent each of the following Hindu Arabic numerals;

a)      Seven

b)      Nine

c)       Eleven

d)      Thirteen

e)      Twenty-three

f)       Forty-two

g)      Eighty-nine

                             SOLUTION   

a)      Seven= vii

b)      Nine= ix

c)       Eleven=xi

d)      Thirteen= xiii

e)      Twenty-three= xxiii

f)       Forty-two = XLII

g)      Eighty-one=  LXXXI

Example 2. Use Roman numerals to represent each of the following Hindu Arabic numerals;

a)      46=

b)      79=

c)       105=

d)      106=

e)      1968=

f)       3295=

                              SOLUTION

a)      46 = XLVI

b)      79 = LXXIX

c)       105=CV

d)      106=CVI

e)      1968 =MCMLXVIII

f)       3295 =  MMMCCVC

 Example 3. Use Hindu Arabic numeral to represent each of the following;

a)      XIX =

b)      XXVII =

c)       CLVII =

d)      CD =

e)      MDLII =

                       SOLUTION     

a)      XIX = 19

b)      XXVII= 27

c)       CLVII = 157

d)      CD = 400

e)      MDLII= 1502

EVALUATION

A)     Use Roman numerals to represent each of the following Hindu Arabic numerals;

a)      Twelve=

b)      Fifteen =

c)       Forty-nine=

d)      Seventy-three =

e)      One hundred and fifty two=      

B)      Use Roman numerals to represent each of the following Hindu Arabic numerals

a)      30 =

b)      135=

c)       1751=

d)      5314 =

SUMMARY.

Ø  Numbers can be represented by using Hindu Arabic numerals or Roman numerals.

Ø  IV represents the number four , one less than  the number five so I is written before V.

Ø  IX represents the number nine, one less than the number ten so I is written before X.

Ø  VI represents the number six, one more than the number five, so, I is written after V.

Ø  XIV represents the number fourteen, four more than ten, so IV is written after X.

Ø  LX represents the number sixty, ten more than fifty, so X is written after L.

Ø  XL represents the number forty, ten less than fifty, so X is written before L

CONCLUSION.

A)     Represent each of the following numerals using Hindu Arabic numerals;

a)      XVI=

b)      XIV=

c)       DC=

d)      MD LII=

B)      Use Roman numerals to represent  each of the following  numbers;

a)      Sixteen=

b)      Forty-two=

c)       Ninety-four=

d)      0ne hundred and seventeen=

C)      Use Roman numerals to represent the following numbers;

a)      105 =

b)      795 =

c)       1974 =

d)      3645 =

D)     Mr. John was born in 1962. How old is he now?  Write his age using Roman numerals.
       

1.